The First Page

The First Page The First Page The First Page By Maeve Maddox One of the meetings at a journalists gathering I went to was set up like a scene of American Idol. Three New York specialists filled the role of the appointed authorities. Rather than entertainers, composed pieces of paper were the objects of their consideration and injuring comments. Gathering members presented the initial three pages of the books they were chipping away at. The operators said they would have the option to tell from the initial three pages whether the original copy merited perusing further. By and by, none of the operators moved beyond the primary page of any 3-page accommodation. Some they read to the base of the primary page, yet then they began dismissing them before they got that far. Starts with discourse. Hurl. Starts with climate. Hurl Theyre in a lift! Hurl Starts with a preamble! Hurl. At that point there was the accommodation that got hurled on the grounds that the title had an incorrectly spelled word in it. On the off chance that this essayist cannot try to spell burial ground correctlyin the title, no lesswhy would it be a good idea for me to go any further with the remainder of the original copy?! Fold, hurl. That little showing makes me feel that an essayist must snare the peruser with the main passage. Conceivably even with the principal sentence. Indeed, there are a lot of fruitful books that start with preambles or climate, or exchange. Theres most likely at any rate one that starts in a lift. That is not the point. Specialists have such huge numbers of original copies coming at them that they create perusing propensities to empower them to overcome the slush at top speed. Anythinga incorrectly spelled word, black out sort from a bombing ink cartridge, an initial gadget the specialist feels an individual aversion forcan send an original copy falling into the waste container. Operators need what perusers need. Perusers need a first passage that brings them into a world that as of now exists, not one that will be made as they come. They need to wind up amidst individuals who are associated with the life of that world, individuals they promptly need to find out about. Here are some initial lines from certain books picked indiscriminately from my racks. OK need to peruse further? Provided that this is true, why? (Journal group) twelfth Day of September. I am instructed to compose a record of my days: I am bit by insects and tormented by family. That is everything to state. - Catherine, Called Birdy, Karen Cushman. Mother kicked the bucket today. Or on the other hand, perhaps, yesterday; I cannot be certain. - The Stranger, Albert Camus. At the point when the force went I was completing a ten-page report. My office turned dark; the PC moaned to an end. Powerless, I watched my words blur to a spooky blueprint that shined on the screen before evaporating, similar to the ridiculing smile of a Cheshire feline. - Tunnel Vision, Sara Paretsky. The little young men came ahead of schedule to the hanging. - Pillars of the Earth, Ken Follett. Eminent guardian Jacques Sauniã ¨re stumbled through the vaulted opening of the exhibition halls Grand Gallery. - The DaVinci Code, Dan Brown. The late-spring sky was the shade of feline regurgitation. - Uglies, Scott Westerfeld. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Fiction Writing class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Homograph Examples40 Fish IdiomsList of Prefixes and Suffixes and their Meanings

A Difference in Opinion free essay sample

The free rock of the climbing way crunched underneath our feet as our gathering from my paper-level old neighborhood progressively scaled a tall slope in the Marin Headlands Institute. Driven by a camp guide, we were an odd combination of tired guardians helping their wrinkled kids and messed up youngsters helping their worn out guardians. In spite of the exhaustion the vast majority of us felt in our undeveloped legs, we as a whole proceeded. We’d been guaranteed a wonderful perspective on the Headlands at a baffling district known as â€Å"Plateau of the Gods†. We were helped to remember the Institute’s thankfulness for nature when the climb halted so we could watch the manner in which light refracted through a hummingbird’s brilliant plumes and appreciate how quickly its little wings beat the air. In the end, the rock way blurred and was supplanted by lavish, marginally soggy development. We made a couple of little jumps and ended up remaining on the pinnacle, what I decided was heaven. We will compose a custom article test on A Difference in Opinion or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The other green slopes spread out beneath us like an undulating cover until they disappeared flawlessly into the blue-dark water of the Pacific Ocean, glimmering in the late-morning daylight. The pinnacle we remained on, about the width of a huge room, was similarly as amazing. Extravagant grasses covered the open region in the inside. Little tufts of violet blossoms confined the edges and bound the underlying foundations of a little yet exquisite tree. The special visualization was flawless to such an extent that it may have been arranged. Unquestionably, this was the Plateau of the Gods. At that point, the advisor crossed the pinnacle and pointed descending, â€Å"Here is the Plateau of the Gods.† Glancing in the area she demonstrated, I saw a huge square shape of concrete, a helicopter cushion worked during World War II when America utilized the Headlands as an army installation. The sudden difference between the Institute’s perspectives on what merited the differentiation of a name and mine featured an adjustment in my intuition welcomed on by the visit. Seeing the immaculate normal excellence of the Headlands supplanted my relative detachment toward thoughts like contamination and an unnatural weather change with a natural psyche I’d never known. That day our gathering had lunch on the military relic. Be that as it may, whenever I visited the Headlands, with my folks close behind, I laid on delicate grasses, on the genuine Plateau of the Gods.

Writing Essays - Free Writing-Essay Topics

Writing Essays - Free Writing-Essay TopicsIf you're interested in writing an essay, free writing essay topics can help. Whether you're writing a presentation, a novel, or a college composition, free writing essay topics will help you get started with your project without spending money.One of the best things about writing essays is that they are easy to adapt to any type of topic. Free writing essay topics allow you to find many different ways to get the content written for you.You will not have to worry about writing essays for college because there are many resources available that will help you and educate you on the difficult grammar points that are usually included in essays. You will be able to learn how to properly write these kind of essays as well. Your entire composition will be fresh and new when you use this resource.Another great thing about essay topics is that they are constantly changing. You can always turn to it if you want to revise your topics as you go along. Thi s is especially useful if you're trying to write a research paper on an upcoming event that will be occurring soon.Assignment requirements change as well. If you want to be accepted into a certain college or university, you will need to submit an essay based on the guidelines for their admissions process. You will want to make sure that your essay contains all of the proper information when it comes to this application process.An essay is a great way to show off your knowledge of the subject. It's a great way to present yourself and your opinions on the topic so that people will notice your contributions.These free writing essay topics can help you write a powerful and persuasive essay without a lot of money being spent. You will be able to polish up your writing skills and learn more about this subject area by using this type of resource. It's a great place to start learning about this type of topic.A good essay is essential to any successful graduate or college degree, and essays are an important component of this education. Using a free writing essay topic can give you a great starting point and guide you through writing effectively.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1243 Words

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered, by most, an American classic. Since this novel was published, there have been many that have disobeyed the notice at the beginning and have dug deeper in an attempt to determine the underlying reason for the extreme racism. There is an excessive, undeniable amount of a particular racial slur in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and most of the characters in the novel do not portray African Americans in a positive light. The history of this world is universally known but that should not discredit Mark Twain as a great American writer simply because the term is offensive. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is viewed by many to be offensive an unworthy of literary attention, however, the racism is used satirically and is crucial to the overall novel. Mark Twain has portrayed a few characters as good, kind hearted Christians that are slaveholders. The first instance of this was in Chapter One, in regard to Miss Watson. Of course, Huckleb erry was no child of hers but she attempted to civilize him and teach him, which seems extremely generous of her to do so. When Huckleberry began to misbehave, she warned him that his behavior would cause him to go to a bad place in the afterlife and to which he replied to Miss Watson, â€Å"I wish I was there† (10). â€Å"She [Miss Watson] said it was wicked to say what I had said; said she wouldn’t say it for the whole world; she was going to live so as to go to the good place† (10). Before going to bedShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to s ay just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly with his readers. During the story

Rape Fantasies by Margaret Atwood Essay - 1653 Words

The plot of Rape Fantasies by Margaret Atwood is all within the mind of Estelle, who talks to the reader as she might to a new friend. Estelles personality becomes exposed to us through the narration of her fantasies and lunchtime work experiences. We are told of Estelles workplace where she is with her friends discussing their rape fantasies. Examining Estelles world through her perspective of the conversation, we find she is a game player both outwardly in playing bridge and in her relationship with herself. I like to guess a persons age and then look it up to see if Im right. I let myself have an extra pack of cigarettes if I am. (31). This example of Estelles competitiveness is expressed in three other ways in the story.†¦show more content†¦In her third fantasy, Estelle helps a man with a bad cold who breaks into her apartment to rape her. She gives him Kleenex, Neo-Citran and scotch and they watch the Late Show together. The next fantasy involves a man in her mothers basement with an axe, but she tells him, I hear the same angel voices and theyve been telling me for some time that Im going to give birth to the reincarnation of St. Anne who in turn has the Virgin Mary and right after that comes Jesus Christ and the end of the world, and he wouldnt want to interfere with that, would he? (35). This sends him back up the coal shoot. Then she briefly fantasizes about a number of potential rape situations where she hurts or physically overpowers her assailant, but quickly returns to less threatening possibilities. Her last fantasy is, in Estelles words, the most touching#8230; and kind of dignified (pg. 35) rape fantasy where she is dying of leukemia and is grabbed by a man in the same condition. She woos him and they move into an apartment where they die together. Estelle likes power; she is not helpless in her fantasies. Her fantasies of being a Kung-Fu expert demonstrate her wish for control over her body and her safety. Estelle can outwit, confuse, and fool her fantasy rapists; in fact she hopes she is not too vicious to them. By calmlyShow MoreRelatedRape Fantasies By Margaret Atwood And The Other Place1861 Words   |  8 PagesThe short stories â€Å"Rape Fantasies† by Margaret Atwood and The Other Place† by Mary Gaitskill are both short stories that have ominous sounding titles are many ways very comparable. â€Å"Rape Fantasies,† as you can guess, is about the very taboo subject of rape. Furthermore, â€Å"The Other Place† is about violence subject matter and taboo subjects of violence involvi ng the narrator and his violent thoughts towards women. The short stories â€Å"Rape Fantasies† and The Other Place† are similar pieces of work dueRead MoreEssay about Rape Fantasies698 Words   |  3 PagesRape Fantasies Sadly rape is an all too common accurance, which has been going on forever. Since it does happen a lot, there are a lot of people talking about the subject. In Margaret Atwoods short story Rape Fantasies, several women casually discuss their personal rape fantasies. The main idea being portrayed through out the story is that women battle with feeling powerful and powerless. She also discusses the distinction between between fantasy and fear in her story.Read MoreEssay on Margaret Atwoods Rape Fantasies868 Words   |  4 Pageswitch; authors tended to paint the line separating the two through their uses of certain writing tools. The point Atwood attempts to drive into the reader is women’s naivety and overall downplay of rape. Margaret Atwood, author of Rape Fantasies, relies heavily on Irony and Characterization to get her point across. In the story Estelle, the narrator and main character, shares her rape fantasies along . In all of them she is a victim, later in the story, we find out that the reason she has these thoughtsRead MoreVictimization in Margaret Atwoods  ¡Ã‚ §Rape Fantasies ¡Ã‚ ¨880 Words   |  4 PagesRape Fantasies: Female Victimization Margaret Atwood ¡Ã‚ ¦s  ¡Ã‚ §Rape Fantasies ¡Ã‚ ¨, a monologue of a woman discus her concern about the topic of rape, demonstrates the power struggle between men and women and how female are victimized by the society. Furthermore, Atwood talks about the importance of having  ¡Ã‚ §voice ¡Ã‚ ¨ as a power or solution to victimization. In the story, there is an exploration of female vulnerability, and victimization in the rape fantasies. Atwood through using the voice of the first-personRead MoreThe Rape Fantasies Of A Fun Home. Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rape Fantasies of a Fun Home Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic is a 2006 graphic memoir written by American cartoonist and memoirist Alison Bechdel. Alison began her career by illustrating and writing comic strips for Dykes to Watch Out which debuted in 1983. Alison Bechdel was an LGBT activist who tells her unraveling story recalling her early years about struggling with self-identity while coming to understand her father s enclosed identity as well. Contrary, Rape Fantasies was written and publishedRead More Discussion of Margaret Atwoods Rape Fantasies Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesDiscussion of Margaret Atwoods Rape Fantasies The author of the short story Rape Fantasies is Margaret Atwood - She is a renowned Canadian writer of poetry and fiction, she is best known for her novel The Handmaids Tail. The short story that I chose Rape Fantasies comes from Atwood?s first collection of short stories called Dancing girls and Other Stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ?Remember no one can make you feel inferior without your consent?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eleanor Roosevelt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TheRead MorePower and Victimization in Rape Fantasiesquot; Essay1892 Words   |  8 PagesOne of Canadas foremost contemporary writers, Margaret Atwood is an internationally renowned poet, literary critic, novelist, humanitarian and political activist. Born in Ottawa, Ontario, in 1939, she spent most of her childhood in the Canadian wilderness. She has won praise and acclaim for her ability to incorporate humor, biting wit, irony and symbolism into her writing style. Her themes usually depict the very nature of human behavior and issues of power between men and women as it relatesRead MoreThe Handmaids Tale And The Crucible1695 Words   |  7 PagesIs Resistance Futile? What do The Handmaid’s Tale and The Crucible suggest about the nature of resisting and rebelling against social order? Margaret Atwood’s, The Handmaid’s Tale, and Arthur Miller’s ,The Crucible, explore the consequences surrounding the nature of resisting and rebelling against social order. Resistance the refusal to accept or comply with something or to actively and passively fight against something. Atwood’s new government of Gilead in The Handmaid’s Tale enforces unthinkableRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesbodily autonomy has been impaired by sexual control and dominance. By painting dystopian societies that heavily restrict reproduction and sexuality, Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale, her poem A Woman’s Issue, and George Orwell’s 1984 all convey that sexual repression undermines individual identity and autonomy. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Atwood uses her description of the Ceremony to emphasize how Gileadean society controls sex in order to manipulate its citizens and force the women of GileadRead MoreFeminism In The Handmaids Tale1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood is set in a future time period where the United States is under the control of the Gileadean regime. A terrorist attack leads to the collapse of Congress, the suspension of the Constitution, and the establishment of a theocratic totalitarian government. Men and women are given roles within society; they are Commanders, Eyes, Handmaids, and Marthas. In this novel, Atwood explores a prominent social issue, feminism. The suppression and power of women are examined

Effectiveness vs. Ineffectiveness Interpersonal...

Effectiveness vs. Ineffectiveness Interpersonal Communication Practices in Healthcare Setting Marsheka Morgan HHS 307 Jamie Kulage December 13. 2010 Outline Communication A. Definition B. Proper communication skills Effective Communication A. Definition B. Proper Skills C. How to improve effective interpersonal communication Ineffective Communication A. Definition B. Inappropriate communication skills C. Ways to help prevent ineffective communication Effective vs. Ineffective Communication A. Compare effective and ineffective skills. Conclusion Power Point 1. Effective vs. Ineffective Interpersonal Communication in Healthcare Setting 2. Communication 3. Effective Interpersonal Communication Skills 4. Ineffective Interpersonal†¦show more content†¦The two basic modes of communication are verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication is either spoken or written. Verbal communication involves the use of words. Nonverbal communication, on the other hand, does not involve the use of words. Dress, gestures, touching, body language, face and eye behavior, and even silence are forms of nonverbal communication. Remember that even though there are two forms of communication, both the verbal and the nonverbal are inseparable in the total communication process. Conscious awareness of this fact is extremely important because their professional effectiveness is highly dependent upon successful communication (Communication, 2010). But it is also another side to communication and that is ineffective communication skills. Ineffective communication is bascially poor communication bewteen individuals. Ineffective communication can be cause from a number of things; unclear message, message overload, bad timing, speed, jargon, interruption, empathy, and language. Ineffective communication happens when providers are not in regular touch with there patients. Miscommunciation can take place which lacks the three c’s {clarity, completion, and conciseness} which also leads to ineffective communication. In such case, they tend to ignore the messages or communication of the subordinates. At times, wrong perception also hampers communication; the patients might perceive the message inShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesof employees, while others have had to attract and retain employees with different capabilities than previously were needed. Additionally, pressures from global competitors have forced many U.S. firms to close facilities, adapt their management practices, and increase productivity and decrease labor costs in order to become more competitive. Finally, the explosive growth of information technology, particularly that linked to the Internet, has forced many changes throughout organizations of all typesRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pages978-0-471-75167-0 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-471-75167-7 (pbk.) 1. Project management-Case studies. I. Title. Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface xi 1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES 1 Lakes Automotive 3 Fems Healthcare, Inc. Clark Faucet Company 2 5 7 11 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT Kombs Engineering 13 Williams Machine Tool Company 15 Wynn Computer Equipment (WCE) 17 The Reluctant Workers 20 Hyten Corporation 22 Macon, Inc. 35 Continental Computer

Who is Man free essay sample

A paper which examines the philosophical question Who is Man and the viewpoints held by several classical writers and theologians as seen through their writings. The paper examines the works of several classicists to determine their viewpoints on the philosophical issues of Who is Man? and What is Mans highest calling?. The paper shows the theories of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola in his Oration on the Dignity of Man, of Petrarch through his poetry, of Saint Augustine in his Confessions, of Teresa of Avila through her works, and of Shakespeares King Lear, who, although a fictional character, expresses the idea of royal power. Saint Augustine in his Confessions asks if being in the world a man can obtain a higher plane of spiritual existence. He uses his own life as an example of his journey to God. Certainly Saint Augustine would agree with the writings of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. We will write a custom essay sample on Who is Man? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Augustine lived a baser life for a long time until he came to his own version of spiritual truth. He explored various philosophical thought including skepticism before he embraced the faith of his mother Monica. He didnt come into Catholicism easily but only after the deep internal thought and meditation that Giovanni Pico della Mirandola offers as the way to the higher spiritual plane.

10 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on IT from an Academic Perspective

10 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on IT from an Academic Perspective An information technology expert is among every company’s most prized assets these days. However, there aren’t many academic institutes that have effectively integrated IT studies in their curriculum. If you’re looking to write a compare-and-contrast essay on IT from an academic perspective, this guide is a good place to start. This is the first section of a three-part guide and in this here you’ll find interesting facts that’ll help you in the research aspect of your essay. After youre done reading, you can head on to the second part of the guide 20 topics on it in the academic perspective for a compare and   contrast essay, which will help you zero in on a topic. Here are 12 facts on IT from an academic perspective for the purpose of writing a good compare and contrast essay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Teaching and the basic concept of learning will be entirely changed if IT is included in academic curriculums, and this change is inevitable, despite different schools of thoughts in the academia. Just as the printing press changed the face of education and academics, IT will drive a similar change, as new technology can help teachers deliver education much more efficiently. Unfortunately, many institutions are hesitant in this regard, and this unwillingness to accept change stems from the mindsets of ‘old-school critics’ who believe the education system can thrive without IT. They also feel the transition from the current system to the new one will take a lot of time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  IT is all about economies of scale, meaning the initial investment might possibly be a bit high, but after a while, the cost per student will become very low when it comes to delivering information. The real cost saving is when a student can access thousands of libraries at a near-negligible cost, as that cost is far less while exposure to knowledge is a hundred times more. Good teachers tend to keep notes on every student, making sure how much progress they’ve made throughout the year; through customization capabilities that come with integrating IT into a school’s curriculum, it can become easier to maintain files and records on individual students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Through integrating IT with academia, certain key teaching practices can be changed; i.e. the faculty won’t be asked to multitask as the best teacher or lecturer from all over the country will just be a click away. A larger pool of teachers can provide counseling, mentoring, guidance, teaching and awarding certifications. This is an investment in delivery systems, knowledge codification and assessment practices and it will finally separate the learning from certification. This way, new methods of learning and delivery of education will be introduced and more students will enroll to get an education that’s easily deliverable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the biggest barriers towards the adoption of IT whole heartedly in academics is the traditionally set institutional norms such as teaching methods, concept of productivity and teaching staff’s autonomy; traditional concepts of educational system such as student-to-teacher ratio, class cap limit and teaching loads. If IT is to be incorporated in the educational system, the institutions’ workforce needs to accept this changing and evolving system. Through this IT integration, teachers will be able to decide when and where they teach, which is actually a direct threat to faculty autonomy, if we think about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  A teacher might work for 30 years while the timespan of a workstation is a little less than five years until they need replacement or upgrades. Also, workstations are not bound by any ‘tenure obligations’. Reprogramming a workstation or more generally any kind of IT equipment is less expensive, far less difficult and more reliable, and the same can’t be said about retraining a teacher who’s served a lengthy tenure at an academic center. Over time, departments in an institute will have much more flexibility once the ratio of capital-labor grows.   Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the biggest advantages of information technology is that it reduces the contact time between students and faculty members. The time saved can be used to discuss the implications of what independent learning a particular student has done. Academic sessions can be held where students won’t feel the need to ask codified-knowledge related questions, there will be other platforms from where their questions can be answered and this will result in educational discussions rife with meaningful topics. If the traditional structure of courses is replaced entirely with a masterful learning format, then even better results can be achieved. Costs compared to traditional courses can be high in the beginning due to the investment aspect, but it will pay off tremendously in the long-run. Through information technology schools can level up to the standards of research universities. This will give birth to a new wave of innovative leaders that will be capable of doing great things from an undergraduate level. Even nontraditional education providers can come up with better ways to deliver high level education because of IT integration at very competitive prices. Information which wasn’t even accessible to graduates until a few years ago can now be given to students at an early age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  IT can give birth to a lot of automated systems that can deliver structured-knowledge with performance measurement indicators, all very easy to understand. For one thing, graduate-level education will become accessible to every student.   Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the main advantages of IT integration is the reduction in time and resources when a teacher has to prepare for an hour-long lecture beforehand. This becomes not only time consuming but leads to unnecessary and extra work. Once there is integration of IT in the educational system, the structure that exists in the course can be amplified through an interactive online portal. This will provide much needed relief to both students and teachers, but students particularly because they won’t feel any additional burden to keep up with classes.   IT will help save costs in the long-run. While older teachers may have problem getting use to the IT system, new generation is already used to operating computers and can easily use them to deliver lectures, reducing training time and cost as well. Plus, with teachers catering to more students in the same time, overall cost would reduce as well. Now that you have some facts in hand, you can move to our topics section or part three called: how to compare and contrast in an essay on information technology. References: The role of Information Technology in Education Fedena Blog. (2015). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from fedena.com/blog/2015/10/the-role-of-information-technology-in-education.html The Role of Information Technology in Education Hitachi Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from hitachifoundation.org/our-work/business-and-work-grants-program/initiatives/past-initiatives/24-the-role-of-information-technology-in-education Using Information Technology to Enhance Academic Productivity. (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from https://net.educause.edu/ir/library/html/nli0004.html Bouwman, H. (2005). Information and communication technology in organizations: Adoption, implementation, use and effects. London: SAGE. Need and Importance of Information Technology in Education. (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from http://wikieducator.org/Need_and_Importance_of_Information_Technology_in_Education Alrafi, A. (n.d.). Information systems adoption: A study of the technology acceptance model.

Histories of france and britain The WritePass Journal

Histories of france and britain INTRODUCTION Histories of france and britain INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1   Brief Immigration Histories of France and BritainChapter 2    The Nature of The State in France and BritainChapter 3 Legal and Political Frameworks of France and BritainChapter 4 – The Influence of the Media on Attitudes towards ImmigrationChapter 5 Exploring Current Attitudes towards ImmigrationCONCLUSIONBIBLIOGRAPHYRelated INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1   Brief Immigration Histories of France and Britain As a nation France has historically attracted migrants from both within and outside of Europe over the centuries. During the nineteenth century migrants flowed into France from neighbouring countries like Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and Poland, encouraged by the regular opportunities for employment. A significant increase in immigration is evident as France began to rapidly industrialize in the 1850’s and the sudden demand for labour that was created by economic expansion and industrial growth could not be met internally. This process continued and increased in scale during the latter 1800’s and 1900’s as France established itself as a major European industrial nation. In 1851 foreigners accounted for around 1% of the total population; by the mid-1880s, this had trebled to nearly 3% (A G Hargreaves, 1995).   During the First World War France needed to actively recruit foreign workers in order to keep its infrastructure and war effort going and to maintain n ecessary supplies from, for example, its munitions factories. When the war ended foreign labour was still needed to lessen the huge impact caused to the domestic labour market by the loss of so many men in the fighting. Immigration was at a high point immediately following the war, but with the advent of the Great Depression in 1929, the whole of Europe, began to experience a serious and long-term period of economic depression. As France was also severely affected, the number of immigrant workers rapidly decreased as they began to search elsewhere for work. Some left willingly as the labour market contracted, whilst others were forcibly removed. By the late 1950s and 1960s, as the economy recovered, the French Government once again recognised the need for immigrants to assist with France’s economic reconstruction. France relied upon migrant workers to meet labour shortages fill low-paid employment into positions that it was otherwise difficult to fill. Initially French politicians and planners intended to meet Frances need for labour by encouraging European immigrants to settle rather than look elsewhere, however, growing levels of prosperity in Europe meant that less and less Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese etc. were attracted to France. The government were therefore forced to look towards migrants from the French colonies and former colonies in North Africa and South-East Asia to fill the labour gap. As in Britain, colonialism created the simplest and most effective channel for labour migration into France. As a major colonial power, France could quickly and efficiently enlist a potential workforce from its colonies and protectorates, particularly the Maghreb (North-West Africa: Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia). By the middle of the 1950s those from the Maghreb region were the most significant group of immigrants moving into France. A huge proportion of those choosing to migrate to France were from Algeria, one of the most important members of the French colonial empire. However, immigration from the Maghreb was different in that unlike pre-war immigrant populations who were almost entirely men, those from the Maghreb began to bring their families over to settle in France too. From the 1970s onwards France witnessed the increase in women from other countries moving to France to be reunited with their husbands and fathers and reuniting as families. These employees were unfortunately also frequently the first to be laid off in the 1980’s as the economy again slowed down. Perhaps in part due to its position as an island, Britain’s significant immigration history is similar though much shorter. Throughout the 19th century census records identify a small but regular trickle of immigrants from all over Europe. Immigrants from further afield were generally part of the slave trade and would not be identified in any census. Slavery was effectively outlawed in 1807, but it was not until 1833 that the Slavery Abolition Act was passed by Parliament, which banned slavery throughout the British Empire and its abolition meant a virtual halt to the movement of black people into Britain. This coincided with a small increase in migrants from Europe, however, immigration by Europeans did not take place in significant numbers. However, we began to see significant levels of immigration during and after both the First and Second World Wars. During both of these conflicts, many thousands of men from across the Empire made the journey to Britain in order to enlist and fight for what they considered to be ‘their country’. India alone provided 1.3 million soldiers to fight in the First World War, 138,000 serving on the Western Front. During the Second World War, almost 60,000 British merchant seamen came from the sub-continent (http://news.bbc.co.uk, 2002). Some of these men stayed in Britain following the end of the war and small immigrant communities established themselves around the port areas. At that time there was no specific legislation regarding immigration but the British establishment did not seem overly enthusiastic. As the Second World War ended, just like in France, the labour market had been decimated by the loss of so many soldiers, and the government began looking again towards immigrants to fill those gaps. A significant number of Polish immigrants were the first to settle in the UK, partly due to the links made during the war. Italians also settled into small communities but not in sufficient numbers to meet the employment need. West Indian men, demonstrating a deep patriotism towards Britain and its Empire, had been keen to migrate in order to fight in the war and as the war ended, their lack of prospects at home and feelings of unity led them to seek to work and stay in the UK. The government needed these men to join Britain’s depleted workforce, although officially immigration from the rapidly shrinking Empire was being discouraged. As mass immigration continued in the 1950s, incidents of prejudice and of racial tension exploded into widespread racism and racial violence in the U K. Until then, legislation had allowed people from the Empire and Commonwealth, who at that time all held British Passports, unrestricted access to Britain. Facing public outcry and political pressure, the government continued to pass successive laws making it more and more difficult for non-white immigrants to enter the country. By 1972, legislation meant that a British passport holder born overseas could only settle in Britain if they, firstly, had a work permit and, secondly, could prove that a parent or grandparent had been born in the UK. (news.bbc.co.uk, 2002) In effect, this meant that children of white families from the British Empire and Commonwealth could migrate to Britain whereas those of black parentage were denied entry. So it can be seen that historically, immigration into both Britain and France shares the same roots in terms of being vital to the workforce and development of both countries at times of need. Where they differ is that France has a much longer history of welcoming migrant workers over a period of at least a hundred years whereas Britain’s interest is much more recent.   Immigration into Britain was relatively unpopular as people who were different seemed to be instantly treated with fear and mistrust whereas until the late sixties immigration into France was largely depoliticized and seen as an essential but economic bonus. Up until the early seventies it was anticipated that in time the migrant workers from North and Sub-Saharan Africa would eventually return to their countries of origin, but as it became apparent that a large number intended to settle permanently, public opinion began to change. The French government responded to increasing public concern by, strengthening its immigration policy and by 1977 had introduced legislation to prohibit all inward immigration. Rapidly, immigration into France had shifted from a generally positive matter of economics into a serious social problem, and the attitudes of the French towards immigrants began to parallel those of the British. Chapter 2    The Nature of The State in France and Britain One of the most fundamental differences between France and Britain is the nature of the state. In the 1880 the term ‘laicità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ was first used in France following ‘Le crise du seize Mai’ in1877, which was effectively the birth of Republicanism in France, in order to ensure that policies developed were not inspired by religious concerns.   In 1905 France fully separated the functions of the Church and the State by passing a law that prohibited the state from formally recognizing or funding any religion or religious organisation that existed to further its religious beliefs. ‘Laicità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is a concept that is enshrined in the French constitution (Article 1) and remains central to the modern French Republic and a powerful political driving force. The word laicità © is difficult to translate directly into English as it encompasses a whole concept, but it is derived from the word ‘layman’ i.e. not part of the clergy.   Its closest t ranslation in terms of ideology is that of ‘secularism’, but this does not really convey its full meaning.   Essentially, laicità © insists upon the strict separation of state from church, i.e. to have no state religion so that the state officially sees religion as a private matter. In this way France differs considerably from Britain: whereby in Britain the Queen is not only the Head of State but is also the head of the Church of England, giving the church a formal role in the administration of the state, whilst the Catholic Church has no such status in the French Republic, despite the fact that a high proportion of French people are Catholics. This clear difference in state ideology obviously leads to significant differences in approaches to issues of legislation and cultural approaches to social policy. As a ‘secular’ state, France’s approach to immigration and issues of diversity was to follow a clear assimilation model. It is important to the French that one is a citizen first and a full participant in the wider French community and that any form of religious or sub group identity is not sanctioned or otherwise encouraged by the state. In France, as a French citizen you are expected to ‘leave cultural and ethnic differences at the border and are theoretically seamlessly assimilated into the republic. The ideology is that everyone is equal before a state that is blind to colour, race and religion’ (www.guardian.co.uk, 2010).   Ethnic minorities do not officially exist in France as it is constitutionally illegal to classify or count people by ethnicity, but the huge difference between this ideological view and the reality of discrimination was becoming a problem in France. Whilst immigration remained a frequently solitary and male dominated process of migrating as an individual, separated from links with home and family, in order to work,   assimilation did not appear to have been problematic and therefore did not really present a challenge to the country’s equilibrium. However, with the changes to patterns of migration which involved more families and, over time, the building of new communities of immigrants, particularly focussed in the poor ‘banlieux’, whole generations of young people of immigrant descent have been effectively ‘ghettoised’ and it appears that it is this that has encouraged third and fourth generation young people from immigrant families to seek their own identity and align themselves with religious or geographic communities as a response to the discrimination which does not exist in theory but which is blatantly apparent in reality. In contrast to this Britain adopted a multiculturalism approach to diversity. Such an ideology attempts to create unity through difference, theorising that although a nations sub cultures may be diverse, they should all be celebrated and embraced as they share common values. The two approaches are quite different and France (assimilation) and Britain (multiculturalism) are often used for comparative analysis as both adopt quite clearly identified models of these two approaches. The world continually refers back to these two countries in order to weigh the pros and cons of each social model. With both countries ferociously defending their particular model, and with other countries disagreeing over the relative merits of each, the debate continues. Interestingly however, despite the application of two very different models and responses to immigration and diversity, both France and Britain appear to be facing similar dilemmas, problems and attitudes within their own countries towards i mmigration as a social issue. *Other relevant cultural issues and differences like religion, family, education etc and how they relate to attitudes and public opinion. *Nationalism France’s assimilation model plays to Nationalist attitudes. Britain as an Island- small within Europe but wanting to be influential. Self protection ideologies also play into the hands of Nationalism. Chapter 3 Legal and Political Frameworks of France and Britain Since the 1970’s both France and Britain have focussed increasingly on immigration policy and a raft of legislation has followed: In France during the eighties, under a left wing government there was a movement of compassion for immigrant labourers living alone for years, away from their families and a policy of   Regroupement   Familial (family regrouping) was developed through Jacques Chirac and made law on 29/4/1976,   under the principle that it is a right for each person to have a normal family life. By 1977 the policy had been revised and it was further modified in December 1984, 24 August 1993 and May 11 1998. This successive legislation not only dealt with the integration of immigrants into France by reaffirming the principles of Republicanism and laicità ©, but also demonstrated concerted efforts to ensure assimilation through state control rather than rely upon integration simply following on as a result of residence and education. From the late seventies, ch anging political fortunes of both left and right wing governments had led to constant reinstatement and reversal of immigration policy and this impacted significantly on integration issues. Indeed France created somewhat of a record for legislative change and counter reversal in terms of immigration policy. In 1993 a right wing coalition gained power, and following the increasingly popular Front Nationale demands for the expulsion of immigrants from France, the response from Charles Pasqua, interior minister, was immigration zero. He later qualified this statement to mean zero illegal immigration, but the intentions behind such policy and legislation were quite apparent. The so-called Pasqua Laws denied foreign graduates the opportunity of taking up jobs offered by French employers and provided only limited residence rights to foreign employees, increased the waiting period for immigrant families’ ‘reunification’ from twelve months to two years, and refused resid ence permits to unifying migrants who were in the country illegally. The legislation also increased the powers of the police to deport foreigners. The election of Jacques Chirac, a conservative right wing president in 1995 continued the course of limiting immigration channels. As the far right Front Nationale, led by Jean Marie Le Pen, focussing on an anti immigrant agenda began to rise in popularity, the conservative right responded by adopting some of the issues highlighted as important to the French electorate, notably furthering immigration control. In 1997 Lionel Jospin, a Socialist was voted in as Prime Minister which led to the National Assembly reconsidering their position on immigration policy. The new government commissioned a report on ‘L’immigration et la nationalite’ by Patrick Weil a prominent political scientist. The report highlighted that the Pasqua Laws deprived France the opportunity to benefit from the highly skilled international employee mar ket through policies which made it difficult for foreign students and professionals to settle in France. The report’s recommendations led the way for new immigration law passed in 1998. The new legislation afforded special immigration status to highly skilled foreign scholars and scientists and loosened entry conditions for certain categories of highly skilled foreign professionals, whilst simultaneously aiming to fight illegal immigration. Another significant change was that under the Pasqua Laws, children born to immigrant parents in France had to apply for French citizenship, whereas, under the new 1998 legislation, such children would be automatically granted French citizenship at the age of 18. Since 1945, the French Constitution (Articles 21-24) had dictated that in order to be naturalized an immigrant would need to demonstrate their assimilation to the French community by learning French. Whilst Interior Minister, Nicolas Sarkozy passed laws in 2003 to broaden this, with the additional requirement to demonstrate an understanding and knowledge of the rights and duties of a French citizen. This requirement was further extended in legislation passed by Sarkozy at a time when he was still interior minister but looking towards standing in the presidential elections. This latest legislation in 2007 also required a contract for family unification to be entered into, with sanctions for non compliance, and the requirement to complete an eight week course which was an evaluation of language ability and the values of the Republic before leaving their country of origin (Schain 2008: 57). Prior to 1962, the British Nationality Act of 1948 identified a Commonwealth citizen and British subject as interchangeable. A British passport holder was identified as a subject of   the United Kingdom and Colonies, which implied that a member of the Commonwealth, as a British subject, was   entitled to live and work in the United Kingdom if they so chose. The Conservative government in power from 1954 to 1961 were strongly pro-commonwealth and saw no need to legislate to control immigration. However, among working class Britons opinion was shifting strongly in favour of limiting non white immigration. As public opinion became stronger the Government were put under increasing pressure to introduce immigration control measures. Despite the fact that Labour won the elections in late 1964, they had only a very small majority and were therefore vulnerable to populist pressure exerted by right wing militants. Sir Cyril Osborne, Conservative MP for Louth proposed a new bill   to â⠂¬Ëœintroduce periodic and precise limits on immigration’ and thus deny entry to Britain of all Commonwealth, immigrants other than those whose parents and grandparents were born in Britain. Although Sir Osborne’s views were generally accepted as somewhat extreme, the Conservative party backed his proposals .The Bill was defeated in March 1965 at its first reading, but soon after the Labour Government itself introduced a White Paper which proposed similar changes to the 1962 Act. The 1965 White Paper signalled the end of immigration for unskilled workers. It also introduced new limitations and regulations on foreign students, dependants of immigrants and visitors to Britain. Compulsory health checks were also introduced for new migrants and the Home Secretary was afforded new powers to remove and repatriate migrants to their countries of origin. However, as the economy began to recover and public opinion cooled, Britain saw the publication of a further ‘Race Rela tions Act’ in 1968. This Act of Parliament shifted the focus from control to reducing racial tensions and tackling discrimination. It made it illegal to refuse public services, housing or work to someone on the basis of their colour, race, ethnicity or nationality and created the Community Relations Commission to promote multi racial harmony. This was the point at which political argument moved firmly away from immigration control to the management and improvement of race relations. The British current approach to integration was developed through this consensus between the two major political parties. This approach adopted a race-relations, or multicultural focus. Integration was seen in British policy more in terms of dealing with access to and eradicating discrimination of resource allocation. The Race Relations Act of 1965 focussed upon the provision of a public body to ensure fairness and advocacy in such issues. The Race Relations Act was further extended in 1968 and again in1976 to provide a clear way forward and bipartisan approach to immigration, race, and multiculturalism. The term race in Britain was clearly applied to those of Asian and African commonwealth origin and from the 1950s political debates had focussed on coloured immigration. This way of differentiating between European and effectively black and Asian immigrant populations was identical to that of France. However, they differed in that the concept of race and ethnicity in Britain was inco rporated into the formal policy framework of law. Where the countries differed much more starkly was in approach. Britain firmly established itself as supporting a multicultural rather than assimilation based model. In 1966 Roy Jenkins, then home secretary stated: I do not think that we need in this country a melting pot. I define integration therefore, not as a flattening process of assimilation but as equal opportunity, accompanied by cultural diversity, in an atmosphere of mutual tolerance (Benton 1985: 71). By the 1980s, the education system had lent their considerable support to multiculturalism, which was by now firmly embedded in the legal system. Roy Jenkins’ view was reiterated in educational reports, Particularly the Swann Report in 1985 which identified the negative effect of racism upon the education of black children in the United Kingdom. In 1997 the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain produced a report which positively identified the United Kingdom to be a community of communities, thus reinforcing a multicultural approach very different from the assimilation model of France. It is interesting that despite these two very different models, by October 2008 a European Pact on Immigration and Asylum had been signed by 27 EU heads of Government to include those of both France and Britain and it is reported that Nicolas Sarcozy stressed that   ‘Cest la premià ¨re dà ©monstration dune volontà © commune et dune vision densemble en matià ¨re dimmigration’ (Le Figaro, 2008) Chapter 4 – The Influence of the Media on Attitudes towards Immigration 2005 riots in France France wearing of headscarf etc Role of the media – use current newspaper tv info to compare media reporting and influence Chapter 5 Exploring Current Attitudes towards Immigration In order to explore current attitudes towards immigration, I decided to carry out a questionnaire to explore differing attitudes between English and French students on key issues regarding immigration.   On reviewing the available literature and data, it is clear that there has been a significant amount of exploration of these issues via major international surveys   for example the European Social Survey, Transatlantic Trends in Immigration, the Institute for Public Policy Research, TNS Sofres etc. The Outcomes of current Transatlantic Trends research released in February this year indicated that English attitudes towards immigration are more negative than our French counterparts. It identified that One in five UK respondents regarded immigration to be one of the most important issues facing the UK today. 68% of respondents in the UK are worried about illegal immigration and 36% concerned about legal immigration. 70% of UK respondents reported ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’ management of immigration by the government as opposed to 58% of French. This research is significant as it suggests that although attitudes towards immigration are more negative in Britain, public opinion in France is rapidly changing and aligning itself with that of the UK. (see appendix ) The biannual European Social Survey appeared to provide the most consistent survey data since respondents in all the European countries concerned were asked the same standardised questions and their results compared year on year. Most of the other survey results I considered were not directly comparable as they were drawing from different surveys completed in separate countries and comparing on the basis of ‘similar’ questioning or even different questioning on the general subject of immigration. On further investigation it became apparent that the European Social Survey consisted of core modules and rotating modules. Unfortunately, although the 2002 survey contained a module specifically concerned with immigration, this rotating module has not been included in any of the four surveys completed since then. This is relevant as research also seems to indicate that, although more negative in Britain, attitudes towards immigration in France and Britain are narrowing rapidly. I therefore decided to use the ESS immigration module to provide a series of questions for my questionnaire. I chose questions that were the most relevant to my own research and interests in the subject. By using these questions I was able to ensure that the format of the questions (in both French and English) had been properly formulated and tested to ensure accurate comparison. The other advantage of using questions from the 2002 ESS was that my results could be directly compared with the main conclusions of that survey. In this way my research, though it will only provide qualitative data due to the limited scope of it, will contribute in some small way towards a better understanding of the difference in attitudes between French and English young people and explore their perceptions in some detail. For my study, I prepared a questionnaire of 16 main questions and asked a random group of English and   French students to complete them. The French students were those on exchange placements currently studying in England, and the English students were those who had undertaken a period of study in France. This decision was taken in order to get some degree of similarity between the groups. I followed ethical guidelines and ensured confidentiality. (This was particularly important if I was to be able to get honest attitudes and views from respondents – as the subject matter is clearly both personally and politically sensitive.) Clearly my research only provides limited information. It is not directly comparable with the European Social Survey as my respondents were drawn from a particular group (language students) rather than the general public. My research is also on a very small scale and the views and attitudes of such a small number of respondents cannot realistically be extrapolated to form more general statements. However, my research provides a good degree of qualitative information as well as some limited qualitative data based results. I will therefore present my findings more as a narrative and draw some limited conclusions from them. My own research involved a total of xx respondents, xx British students and xx French students. Each were given a copy of the questionnaire (either appendix 1 or appendix 2 depending upon language spoken). It was explained to each volunteer that their questionnaires would be treated in strict confidence and that they were not individually identifiable in any way and that completed questionnaires would only be seen by the researcher. It was also made clear that any conclusions drawn would be of a general nature only. Each separate question also provided for a ‘don’t know’ answer to allow recipients to effectively avoid any question they were not happy to answer but enable them to still complete the rest of the questionnaire. As can be seen from the table of results, there was little significant difference between French and British respondents to questions   xxxxxx   . Thus indicating generally similar attitudes between the countries. It is also interesting that the responses of the British students were not noticeably more negative than those of their French counterparts. This may indicate further narrowing of views internationally or it may simply indicate that educated students with an interest in language are likely to hold views that align more easily with similar others abroad than with those from different backgrounds in their own countries.   Question xxx  Ã‚   very interesting because etc . Differences and similarities The most significant result is . The results of my small piece of research suggest that however as such a limited and specific piece of work, firm conclusions cannot be reliably drawn. Further research in this area would be useful to explore to what extent attitudes are changing and converging and this could then be compared with media and political influence as these may well be highly influential on public opinion. CONCLUSION KEY LITERATURE REVIEW BIBLIOGRAPHY http://news.bbc.co.uk/english/in-depth/uk/2002/short history of immigration.stm Article for BBC – The deep roots of French secularism by Henri Astier   -1 September 2004. ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, Working Paper 45, University of Oxford, 2007. France 24 report on October 4 2007, Great Britain divided on the impact of immigration. Report for Expatica.com – Tests Gauge attitudes towards immigration 16/12/2009. Schain, M. A. (2008). The Politics of Immigration in France, Britain, and the United States: A Comparative Study. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Banton Michael, (1985) Promoting Racial Harmony: Cambridge University Press Europeansocialsurvey.org http://ess.nsd.uib.no/ess/round1/fieldwork.html A.G. Hargreaves, Immigration, `Race and Ethnicity in Contemporary France (London: Routledge, 1995) www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/16/france-racism-immigration-sarkozy.CMP=twt-gu lefigaro.fr/politique/2008/10/16/01002-20081016ARTFIG00451-immigration-le-grand-jour-europeen-d-hortefeux-.php

Impressionism Paintings Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impressionism Paintings - Research Paper Example The essay "Impressionism Paintings" explores paintings of impressionism. Impressionism defines a painting movement that originated in France in the 19th Century. Impressionism was predominantly an art movement that dealt with painting at the time it was established, but later extended its scope and integrated music into its practices and artworks. The major activities of the movement became most popular towards the end of the 19th Century and at the beginning of the 20th Century. During this period, France chiefly ran the activities that comprised what the movement was engaged in. The years 1867 and 1886 were the core of expressionist painting, and the artworks produced within this period were more or less associated with artists who shared similar or almost similar mindsets. The approaches and/or techniques that artists in the impressionism movement employed in developing their work were shared amongst themselves, thereby establishing strong ties and relations among the involved par ties. One of the most outstanding factors in impressionism is the accurate and objective visual representation of reality through manipulating light and color effects. The approaches and/or techniques that impressionist painters used uniquely captured reality in variant ways, all of which were unique to individual painters and confined within impressionism. Although there were many impressionist painters in this movement, there are a number of painters that shaped and influenced the entire movement.

Integrated quality Assurance Principles in the teaching-learning Essay

Integrated quality Assurance Principles in the teaching-learning environment - Essay Example It is necessary for such an organisation to recognise the students as the customer and thus focus their continual development planning towards making sure that these customers get the best (Rauner & Maclean, 2008). Providing the best would be to make sure that these customers get the education that is in line with the standards developed, both national and internationally. In the planning stage of the continue development program for such an institution, it would entail coming up with ways to conform to the standards. The institution would then have to implement (do) this by making sure that the courses and the syllabus offered are in line with these international and national standards (Servais, 2011). After the implementation, the college would then have to check whether the new syllabus or curriculaum is in line with the international stands. The college would also have to check whether the new curriculum is helping the students to be able to be more successful in their fields. This can be done by monitoring how the alumni from the college are performing in the market. If after checking it becomes clear that the alumni of the college are not doing so well in the market, the college may have to look at the syllabus and the implementation of the syllabus and look for any issues which may be causing variance between the planned and the achieved results (International Labour Office, 2010). This will also include, if possible, looking at the relevant changes in industry demand and future student profiles. This will also help in making sure that such an institution is not lagging behind and that the quality of its education programs will not deteriorate over time (Bosch & Charest, 2010). By applying the PDCA process of improvement, it will be easy to know how to monitor the relevant changes in industry demand and be able to align the current strategy in a way that will help o achieve these new

Information Strategy Plan for catering services Essay Example for Free

Information Strategy Plan for catering services Essay Develop a solid, corporate identity in its specified targeted market areas. Become the top brokerage firm by its fifth year (2015) of operation, or before. The company believes that the above-mentioned objectives are obtainable because of the high degree of professionalism and expertise in real estate marketing upheld by the corporation’s core values. Compliance to the RESA Law compels all marketing executives with the knowledge of the real estate laws and procedures which will give them the corresponding license from the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as Licensed Real Estate  Sales Agents to engage in the marketing and sales of real estate properties. DRIVEN will provide them the needed training upon entering the profession. Free and paid trainings will be available at a high return to the agent. When starting out, most agents are not able proper training and support. The office environment will be productively and professionally presentable making it inviting to the agent as well as to its client developers and potential buyers / investors. A team of assistants and coordinators will man the office to provide virtual support and track daily marketing routine/schedule. Marketing executives will have the opportunity to be guided each day through a marketing plan. They may choose to follow the guidelines and training provided or they may follow their own daily routines. The company will be supplying a well-studied program allowing the new marketing executives to earn more than the average real estate agent by providing constant guidance and stability. If an agent for example sets a goal to obtain one buyer for the month, on an average of Php3,000,000.00 he would earn an income of Php81,000 per month (inclusive of withholding tax) X 12 months = Php972,000 per year. The accredited brokers will guide and assist every marketing executive in conquering this goal. The same sales as noted above would profit the corporation Php27,000 per month X 12 months = Php324,000 for the year X 460 agents = Php149,0400,000.  Under the RESA Law the real estate brokers on the other hand, are entitled to manage 20 marketing executives hence the corresponding profit for the accredited brokers given the same sales goal will be Php27,000 per month X 12 months = Php324,000 for the year X 20 agents = Php3,888,000 on top of his personal sales. At every stage of a persons’ search for property the listing will experience attrition or in other words a point where the searcher does will not proceed to view details or make an enquiry about the property being sold. This happens when the property cannot be found hence agents are encouraged to utilize all major portals in the market to minimize attrition and maximize results. No attention grabbers can also happen when the website is compromised by poorly optimized and presented Images and even the mere. Titles and Text may increase attrition rate significantly reason why all listings presented on portals should theme professional real estate photography as well as optimized titles and text. People online get bored quickly as well, if a person’s interest is lost while reviewing the property, chances are a potential sale might be lost as well. Apart from getting bored quickly, people using the internet react impulsively. They are quick to judge and if their perception is negative of what they are reading or seeing they will leave and move on, potentially never to look at the listing again.

Andy Goldsworthy Essay -- British Artist Art

Andy Goldsworthy Where does art-making begin and end? Andy Goldsworthy, a 40-year-old British artist who uses nature as a partner, raises this question with his works of amazing art; some of them are temporary, some meant to last. Goldsworthy creates works of extraordinary beauty using natural materials, stones, wood, water, which then disintegrate naturally or are deliberately dismantled. Andy Goldsworthy, a non-traditional sculptor, was born in Cheshire, England in 1956 and raised in Yorkshire. Currently, Goldsworthy resides at Penpont, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. While attending Harrogate High School, as a teenager, photographer and sculptor, he worked as a hired hand on farms outside Leeds, England. It was then that he began to explore the patterns of nature by arranging its building blocks in unexpected ways. These farm experiences provided him with direct encounters and knowledge related to working the land. After high school, Goldsworthy attended Bradford College of Art. Later, at Preston College in Lancaster, England, Goldsworthy took additional courses in fine art and began to develop his own style. Soon, the outdoors became his studio and he discovered he was happier living on a farm than in a college studio. His view of nature opposes altering the land. Goldsworthy says, "I have become aware of how nature is in a state of change and how that change is the key to understanding. I want my art to be sensitive and alert to changes in material, season and weather. Often I can only follow a train of thought while a particular weather condition persists. When a change comes, the idea must alter or it will, and often does, fail. I am sometimes left stranded by a change in the weather with half-understood feelings tha... ...itchie proclaims that "Goldsworthy, whose self-professed ambition is to utilize nature's inherent energy, succeeds in making its forces visible." There are many ways to understand the work of Andy Goldsworthy and contemporary ecological art. Synopsis of print, Goldsworthy's piece "Kaede" leaves around a hole, yellow to reds, afternoon, overcast, going dark, 14 November 1987. Is a very bright piece. There are many colored leaves around a hole. This piece reminds me of a sun burst. It has such bright colors. It is a wonderful piece. Bibliography http://www.museum.cornell.edu/HFJ/currex/goldworthy.html http://www.kidscastle.si.edu/channels/arts/facts/artsfact9.html http://www.sculpture.org.uk/biograph/goldswor.html http://www.santafe.edu/~shaliz/reviews/goldworthy~collaboration/ Bourdon, D (1993). Andy Goldsworthy at Lelong. Art in America, p. 121.

Development Of Mathematical Understanding Education Essay

1.0 Introduction1.1 What is seminal fluid ; how it is made and what is it composed ofSeminal fluid is a substance found in many male species sexual generative secretory organs. Semen is the nebulose white organic structure fluid that is emitted from the urethra of the phallus during interjection. It is made up of a assortment of molecules and cells such as leukocytes, proteolytic and other enzymes every bit good as fruit sugar and is a medium for elimination and transit of sperm cell. In the human male species, production occurs in the prostate secretory organs and gonadal which are slightly thankless sex accoutrement secretory organs until they malfunction or cease to work at all with the prevailing effects being drastically lower the rates of birthrate. Semen is composed largely of H2O, likely about 90 % by weight. After that, it ‘s a mixture of amino acids ( proteins ) , minerals, saccharides ( sugars ) , and a little figure of other things. Semen has a basic pH degree intending it is the antonym of acidic by nature – this is to antagonize and neutralize the vagina ‘s acidic pH and increase the sperm cell ‘s opportunities of endurance. Beginning: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orgasmpower.net/semen-production.html ) Besides sperm, seeds is made of secernments from the seven lower urinary piece of land constructions. These constructions include: seminal cysts ( which account for 60-70 % of the fluid ) , prostatic secretory organ ( which accounts for 20-30 % ) and the staying per centum is shared by the epididymis, vessel deferens, ampullae of the vessel, Cowper ‘s secretory organs and secretory organs of Littre. Semen itself has high concentrations of K, Zn, citric acid, fructose, phosphorylcholine, spermine, free amino acids, prostaglandins and enzymes, which nourish and protect the sperm. Beginning: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/semen.html # funfacts )SourceA : hypertext transfer protocol: //www.proceptin.com/phc/sperm-cell.phpMain Production sitesASeminal fluid is largely produced in four topographic points ; in the seminal cysts, the male testicles, the prostate secretory organ and in the Cowper ‘s secretory organs. The Seminal Vesicles: This is where the milklike white protein based substance ( semenogelin I and II ) that seeds largely consists of is chiefly produced ( Ulvsback et al. 1992 ) .A These semenogelins interact with each other and coagulumate after interjection ( Aumuller and Riva 1992 ) . ( Spermatozoa wellness depends on this substance for foods which they will utilize to prolong them on their manner to fertilise the female ova.A This fluid is besides alkalic in nature and helps to neutralize the acidic conditions within the female generative system. The Male Testes: This is the organ where the production of sperm cells occurs. Spermatozoa cells are cultivated here until they mature. After that they are so stored in the Ampulla where they wait to be ejaculated out of the organic structure. They are besides protected by glycocalyx secernments from the testicle, motorial canals, epididymis and accessary secretory organs ( Schroeter et al. 1999 ) . The Prostate Gland: The prostate secretory organ besides produces an alkalic solution that acts as a protective barrier for the sperm cells against the sourness of the female sexual generative environment. The pH of the fluid is maintained above 7 by the action of prostate prostasomes ( et Al. 1999 ) . The fluid produced, is a protastic serine peptidase and helps the liquification of the semenogelins clot ( Peter et al. 1998 ) The prostate is besides an of import beginning of superoxide anion aggregators in worlds ( Gavella et al. 1996 ) A The Cowper ‘s Glands: These secretory organs produce a clear slippery liquid besides known as pre-cum which is excreted during arousal or sexual stimulation.A It is produced by the Cowper ‘s or bulbouretheral secretory organs and creates a medium for which sperm can be transported and swim in through the male generative piece of land and acts as a lubricator to cut down clash during sexual activity.Seminal fluid Composition and mapsSemens contains citric acid, free amino acids, fructose, enzymes, phosphorylcholine, prostaglandin, K, and Zn. The mean volume of seeds produced in a individual interjection varies from 2 to 5 milliliter. The seeds from a individual interjection may incorporate between 40 million and 600 million sperm, depending on the volume of the semen and the length of clip since the last interjection. Samples used for medical intents are obtained by holding the giver masturbate. If a sample can non be produced without sexual intercourse, non-reactive rub bers can be used to roll up the seeds. The procedure of secernment of seminal fluid in male mammals is finally under androgenic and estrogenic control, with a intensifying consequence happening between these two types of gonadal steroids ( Reaside et al. 1999 ) . Oxytocin secreted by the posterior hypophysis, lactogenic hormone secreted by the front tooth can besides command activity of sexual accoutrement secretory organs in mammals ( Gemmell and Sernia 1989 ; Kumar and Farooq 1994 ; Gonzalez et Al. 1994 ; Watson et Al. 1999 ) . There is a general consensus that the three major functional facets of seminal fluid are, its function in sperm competition, its map to help birthrate and in conclusion its function in the transmittal of venereal diseases. This is due to the composing of the seminal fluid being attributed to the secernment of many different tissues and that are under the control of a assortment of different constituents of the neuroendocrine system. The functionality of the seminal fluid constituents may be duplicated but in the procedure they will synergize and complement each other. As an illustration, increased immunosuppressive action of the seminal fluid on the female generative piece of land aimed at increasing sperm viability may besides ease the transmittal of sexually catching pathogens, therefore increasing the choice force per unit area on females to get the better of immunosuppression. ( Birkhead et al. 1993 ) . Seminal fluid is responsible for sperm capacitation for the ability to fertilise female ‘s egg cell. Besides some proteins secreted by male accessary secretory organs have been implicated in the procedure of sperm capacitation. ( Gillott 1996 ) . Structural proteins of the spermatophre that are secreted by sex accoutrement secretory organs, such as trehalase and sugars such as trehalose, may play a function in the activation of sperm within the female ‘s Bursa copulatrix ( Yaginuma et al. 1996 ) . The procedure of capacitation of sperm involves the acquisition of a coat of saccharides that from the glycocalyx ( Schroeter et al. 1999 ) . Most of those saccharides are attached to proteins organizing glycoprotein composites that are produced by accessary secretory organs and other tissues of the male generative system. Acquisition of a glycocalyx is indispensable in some taxa for the attainment of full capacitation of sperm and fertilizing ability. ( Schroeter et al.1999 ) . In work forces, accessary secretory organs secrete 5†²-necleotidase, an enzyme that hydrolyses nuleotides into phosphate and nucleosides, which may play a function in the alteration of sperm surface during capacitation ( Konrad et al. 1998 ) . Capacitation in human sperm is besides increased by tripeptide amides found in seminal plasma ( Khan et al. 1992 ) . Other endocrines and substances are besides found in seminal fluid such as, edothelin which facilitates transit of sperm and besides heighten sperm motions through the womb by myometrial contraction stimulation ( casey et Al. 1992 ) . The same is the instance with bradykinin which helps transporation by its smooth musculus loosen uping belongingss ( Charlse Worth et Al. 1999 ) .1.2 Which metals have been found in seminal fluid and why?The interaction between metals and biomeolecules are important and major in biological categorizations. The metals preponderantly determine many metabolic reactions and fewer of them cat as the aetiological agents in environmentally induced neurological upsets. Aluminum, Zinc, Mg, Ca and lead hints can be round in seminal fluid in edge ionic signifier. These metals are of course found in minor hints and have an array of effects and utilizations and are collected in different avenues. It has been suggested that heavy metals may hold inauspicious impacts on male generative wellness [ Benoff S, Jacob A, Hurley, 2000 ; Telisman.S et Al, 2000 ] even at comparatively low exposures [ ; Telisman.S et Al 2007 ] . The heavy metals may adversely impact the male generative system, either by bring oning hypothalamic-pituitary axis break or by direct seeds quality decrease during spermatogenesis [ Wyrobek AJ et Al 1997 ] . Several metals are suspected endocrinal disruptor compounds and/or generative poisons such as chiefly lead ( Pb ) and Cd ( Cd ) . Human populations could be exposed to heavy metals at hint concentrations normally through consumption of contaminated H2O and nutrient or contact with contaminated air or dirt. Blood and seminal Pb concentrations every bit good as seeds quality among both occupationally exposed and unexposed work forces has been studied and concluded to hold a important opposite association [ De Rosa M et Al 2003 ; JurasoviA†¡ J et Al 2004 ; Telisman.S et Al, 2000, Eibensteiner L et Al 2005 ] . Cadmium has been connected to impaired seeds quality and altered hormonal degrees in work forces [ Pant N et Al 2003, Telisman.S et Al, 2000, Akinloye O et Al 2006 ; Zeng X et Al 2002 ] . Although Cd has been considered as an hormone disruptor, the mechanisms involved are non yet clear [ Henson MC et Al 2004 ] . Mercury ( Hg ) has been found to bring on abnormalcies in sperm morphology and motility in animate being vito surveies [ Mohamed MK et Al, 1987 ; Rao Mv et Al, 1989 ] . Choy et Al. [ Choy CM et Al, 2002 ] described Hg concentrations in seminal fluid and sperm abnormalcies in subfertile males. But contrary to that, Meeker et Al. [ Meeker JD et Al 2008 ] discounted that cl aim after happening no relationship between seeds quality and Hg degrees in blood. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehjournal.net/content/10/1/6ZincThe intent of seminal plasma Zn on sperm maps has been a subject of involvement to many scientists. Zinc organs from the prostate is good established and found in seminal plasma as Zn citrate or edge to glycoprotein derived from seminal cysts ( Marmar et al. 1975, Arver 1982, Arver and Eliasson 1982 ; Kavanagh 1983 ; Lafond et Al. 1986 ) has been recognised since 1921 ( Bertrand and Vladesco, 1921 ) It has been found that Zn is indispensable to the decondensation of chromatin at the right clip every bit good as stableness. ( kvist et Al. 1987,1988 ) . Zinc is thought to play a function as a refinisher of an built-in mechanism for head-tail withdrawal of sperm cell ( Bjorndahl and Kvist, 1982 ) . The entire benefit or injury of Zn is vague because it has been reported that high degrees of Zn concentrations have been related to lowered sperm mortality, whilst others have reported that high Zn content in seminal plasma to be associated with a high grade of sperm cell motility ( Stankovic and Mikac-Devic, 1976 ; Caldamone et Al. 1979 ) . Zinc lack is associated with hypogonadism and deficient development of secondary sex features in worlds ( Prasad, 1991 ) . Besides high Zn concentrations have been reported to deject oxygen consumption in the sperm cell ( Huacuja et al. , 1973 ; Foresta et al. , 1990 ) , and albumin-induced acrosome reaction ( Foresta et al. , 1990 ) . Zinc has besides been found to be responsible for the antibacterial activity of seminal plasma ( Fair et al. 1976 ) and decreases in degrees are seen in prostate infections ( Marmar et al. 1975, Abyholm et Al. 1981 ; Papadimas et Al. 1983 ) . The entire Zn content in seeds from mammals was found to be at high degrees, and Zn has been found to be critical to spermatogenesis. But Zn can besides do wasting of the seminiferous tubules in the rat and ensuing in the failure in spermatogenesis ( Millar et al. , 1958 ; Underwood, 1977 ; Endre et al. , 1990 ) . Besides, high concentrations of Zinc have been reported to deject oxygen consumption in the sperm cell ( Huacuja et al. , 1973 ; Foresta et al. , 1990 ) , and albumin-induced acrosome reaction ( Foresta et al. , 1990 ) . Consiquently there have been conflicting studies on the consequence of seminal Zn on sperm motility ( Stankovic and Mikac-Devic, 1976 ; Danscher et al. , 1978 ; Caldamone et al. , 1979 ; Lewis-Jones et al. , 1996 ) . One such struggle arises when it is demonstrated that chelation of Zn ions affects sperm motility ( Saito et al. , 1967 ; Danscher and Rebbe, 1974 ) , and it has been suggested that bioavailable Zn edge to vesicular high molecular weight proteins instead than entire seminal Zn should be a step of the consequence of Zn on sperm map ( Bjorndahl et al. , 1991 ; Carpino et al. , 1998 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //molehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/4/331.full.pdf+html Like zinc Mg besides originates chiefly from the prostate secretory organ and the degrees of this component in seminal plasma reflect prostate map ( Eliasson and Lindhomer, 1972 ) . The Mg degrees normally closely correlative with those of zinc concentrations ( Adamopoulos and Deliyiannis, 1983 ) .Lead a metal best known for being environmentally harmful doing it teratogenic and abortifacient. Lead disposal in animate beings causes sterility. Lead is non of course present in high sums in the organic structure but can be increased due to industrial exposure. The lead exposure has been observed to do teratospermia and to expose positive correlativity to blood lead degrees ( Lancranjan et al.1975 ) . Seminal fluid is rich in Ca and helps modulate sperm map as the concentration of Ca in seeds determines sperm motility, the ability of sperm to travel. However surveies show that an increased concentration of Ca ion was damaging to human sperm motility.Calcium is of import for sperm physiology including motility ( Morton et al. , 1974 ; Lindemann et al. , 1987 ) , metamorphosis ( Peterson and Freund, 1976 ) , acrosome reaction, and fertilisation ( Yanagimachi and Usui, 1974 ; Yanagimachi, 1981 ) . The function of seminal Ca in sperm motility is, nevertheless, non to the full understood. Thomas and Meizel ( 1988 ) found chelation of extracellular Ca ions with EGTA to suppress acrosome reaction, but at the same clip to hold no consequence on motility.Metals are omnipresent at low degree concentrations and are ingested by the general population either voluntarily through addendums or involuntarily through consumption of contaminated nutrient and H2O or contact with contaminated dirt, du st, or air. Some metals, such as Cd, lead, arsenic, and quicksilver, are incidental xenobiotics that can be measured in most of the general popu- lation [ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) 2005 ] . Because widespread human exposure and organic structure load have been demonstrated, there is turning concern for inauspicious wellness effects associated with low-level exposures encountered in the environment. Human and carnal grounds suggests that these metals may hold inauspicious impacts on male generative wellness at comparatively low lev- ELs. For illustration, Cd has been linked to hapless human seeds quality and DNA harm ( Telisman et al. 2000 ; Xu et Al. 2003 ) ; Pb may adversely impact sperm form, motility, and DNA unity ( Eibensteiner et al. 2005 ; Hernandez-Ochoa et Al. 2005 ; Jurasovic et Al. 2004 ; Telisman et al. 2007 ) ; and methyl- quicksilver is associated with sperm abnormalcies in subfertile males ( Choy et al. 2002 ) . However, human informations on nonoccupation al Exposure to these metals has been limited ( e.g. , Hg ) , missing ( e.g. , As ) , or inconsistent across surveies ( e.g. , Cd ) . We designed the present survey to research relationships between these incidental metals and seeds quality among work forces with exposure degrees that are likely to be representative of those found among the U.S. general population. Several other metals, such as Cr, Cu, manganese, Mo, Se, and Zn, are indispensable for good wellness but may be harmful above certain degrees [ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ) 2003, 2004, 2005 ; Greger 1999 ; Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) 2001 ] . For exam- ple, Cr, Mn, and Cu, which act as cofactors for a assortment of of import enzymes, have been associated with decreased seeds quality in gnawers and in worlds ( Adejuwon et al. 1996 ; Huang et Al. 2000 ; Kumar et Al. 2005 ; Telisman et al. 2000 ; Wirth et Al. 2007 ) . Mo is besides an of import cofactor for a limited num- ber of human enzymes and has demonstrated generative toxicity in carnal surveies ( IOM 2001 ) . On the other manus, low doses of metals such as Cu, Se, and Zn may hold protective effects on male generative results ( Benofft al. 1997 ; Evenson et Al. 1993 ; Lyubimov et Al. 2004 ; Olson et Al. 2005 ) and may help in antagonizing the effects of Cd, Pb, or other metals ( Telisman et al. 2000 ; Xu et Al. 2003 ) . Because the possible exists for a figure of metals to positively or negatively affect male reproduction either separately or together, we besides included these metals in our analysis. This wk represents the most comprehensive survey to day of the month on metal exposures at environ- mental degrees and human seeds quality.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/7905524/Cadmium-Lead-and-Other-Metals-in-Relation-to-Semen-Quality-Human-Evidence-for-Molybdenum-as-a-Male-Reproductive-ToxicantTable 1.1 demoing the effects of different metals on male generative systemThe tabular array below shows what Marthur and her co-workers found on how different metals affect the human male and male animate beings ‘ generative systems. Table taken from Journal of Biological Science by Marthur et al. , 2010 The human race is going more and more industrialised and at the same time urbanised. This is one of many factors which has induced the effects of ionic edge metals in male generative systems and caused worldwide qui vive ( Chowdhury, 2009 ; Turgut et Al. 2003 ) . Marthur et al. , 2010 were looking at one of the most toxic and inauspicious effects with in the human males generative system. An inflow in natural stuffs ingestion rates and graduated table has made the presence of metal compounds in the environment of all time more omnipresent. Anthropogenetic activities have been established as one of the prima causes for ecotoxicological effects. Metallic elements are various in composing and toxic stoping points, so they can non portion an exact chemical footing in toxicology. Metallic elements in ionic signifier have a inclination to be sensitive and extremely reactive which means that they can respond with biological elements, such as the human male generative system in a figure of different ways. This in consequence allows exogenic metals to exercise toxic effects that are straight linked to steric re-arrangement which has been found to be responsible for biomolecule mal map. ( Kasprzak, 2002 and Kasprzak et al. , 2003 ) . After consumption, metals can easy flux to the male generative system where the procedure of spermatogenesis is left vulnerable to changes. Similarly, the metals can interact and respond with familial make-up of the human male endocrines. Low sperm mortality and has been established to be a direct consequence of exposure to metals. Looking back at this reappraisal it can be easy deduced that the toxicity and sensitiveness of metals can be mostly attributed to the hormonal change and spermatogenesis break and or malfunction. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //scialert.net/fulltext/ ? doi=jbs.2010.396.404 & A ; org=11 )1.3 A brief debut to aluminiumAluminum can be found bounteously in our environment. It is the 3rd most abundant component in the Earth ‘s crust, stand foring 8 % by weight of the entire constituents ( Martin, 1997 ) . The worlds are necessarily and invariably exposed to aluminium. High contents of aluminum can be found in some stones after the lithospheric rhythm where it is introduced into the Earth ‘s crust. Weathering of these stones is what causes aluminium-rich minerals to fade out, which forms indissoluble clay-like stuffs that finally are re-introduced into the Earth ‘s crust by deposit. Aluminium returns into the magma by farther subduction, which in bend completes the rhythm ( Exley, 2003 ) The attendant clay like stuffs play a important function in the lithospheric rhythm of aluminum so efficient ( Exely, 2003 ) these along with the hydroxyaluminosilicates, startle the aluminum content so that it does non over concentrate the biotic rhythm. Normally aluminium enters the encephalon through the blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) . It is suspected that the aluminum enters the encephalon by receptor-mediated endocytosis as a compound with beta globulin ( Roskams and Connor, 1990 ) . it has been reported that aluminum can come in into the encephalon as a compound with beta globulin which is bound to citrate through a specific transporter, Xca?’ ( l-glutamate/l-cysteine ) system money changer is the most likely agent as explained by Nagaswa. ( Nagasawa et al 2005 ) . High aluminum consumption has been related to the appearence a neurodegenerative disease ( Perl & A ; Moalem, 2006 ; Kawahara, 2005 ) . Aluminium has no biological benefit ( Yokel 2002 ) . It is a poison associated with some medical conditions such dialysis brain disorder ( Alfrey etA al. , 1976 ) , osteomalacia ( Parkinson etA al. , 1979 ) , and it has been found to hold links with many other diseases including Alzheimer ‘s disease ( Exley 1999 ; Gupta etA al. , 2005 ) , Parkinson ‘s disease ( PD ; Yasui etA al. , 1992 ) , and amyotrophic sidelong induration ( Kurland, 1988 ) .1.4 How are worlds exposed to aluminium?There are several avenues which worlds can be exposed to aluminium due to its natural copiousness in the environment. Traces can be found in nutrient, H2O and air and even more sums can be intentionally introduced by worlds ( Miller et al. , 1984 ; Cech and Montera. , 2000 ; Lettermann and Driscoll. , 1988 ) . Aluminium compounds can be found in pharmaceuticals like alkalizers, anodynes and antiperspirants. They are besides used in H2O intervention processes as coagulators and can even be fou nd as metal in mundane consumer merchandises like foil paper and take away nutrient boxes. Aluminium compounds are besides found in about all workss. Edible workss that are of course high in aluminum include murphies, Spinacia oleracea and tea foliages ( WHO, 1998 ) . A recent survey at Keele University besides warned that unnecessarily high sums of aluminum are being used in the fabrication of baby powdered milk and that the aluminum content of expressions prepared from powdery milks was significantly higher than ready-made milks, ensuing in babies consuming up to 600 I?g of aluminum per twenty-four hours Exley and Burrell, 2010. Pregnant adult females may be potentially exposed to aluminium through the diet ( including imbibing H2O ) , dust and dirt consumption and some medicines ( Roig et al. , 2006 ) . Surveies have proven that aluminum is a major subscriber to pathologies such as dialysis dementedness, iron-adequate microcytic anemia, osteomalacia ( [ Suwalsky et al. , 2004 ] a nd [ Domingo, 2006 ] ) Over the past 40 old ages the controversial inquiry refering the possible function for aluminium neurotoxicity in lending to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer ‘s disease has been debated but remains unsolved.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL & A ; _udi=B6TCN-4P6VDVC-2 & A ; _user=128592 & A ; _coverDate=10 % 2F08 % 2F2007 & A ; _rdoc=1 & A ; _fmt=high & A ; _orig=gateway & A ; _origin=gateway & A ; _sort=d & A ; _docanchor= & A ; view=c & A ; _acct=C000010620 & A ; _version=1 & A ; _urlVersion=0 & A ; _userid=128592 & A ; md5=ab46010ee2e9fa0fa7782f2dba6ebd0e & A ; searchtype=a1.5 What do we already know about aluminum and seminal fluidSo far I have found out that although aluminum is largely a harmful metal with no direct biological benefit ( Yokel, 2002 ) , it is found in copiousness in our environment. ( Martin, 1997 ) .Aluminium in high concentrations was linked to reduced sperm motility ability ( Hovatta et al. , 1998 ) . It is besides responsible for impaired sperm quality. Research was undertaken to detect the underlying disagreements between sperm quality and geographic location by Hovatta and co-workers. Due to miss of elucidation as to factors doing the diminution, surveies to analyze seeds quality and the concentrations of aluminum, Cd and lead in sperm cell and seminal plasma in a group of employees of a refinery and a polyolefin mill and the consequences were compared with informations obtained from samples from sperm bank seeds quality ( Hovatta et al.,1998 ) . The survey discovered that the average sperm concentrations were similar in the mill employees ( 96H106/ml ) . The sperm giver campaigners of the comparing group had a important difference of ( 104H106/ml ) in 352 giver campaigners at the sperm bank of the Family Federation of Finland ( 107H106/ml ) between May 1993 and May 1995 ( Hovvatta et al. , 1998 ) . Research done in Finland discovered that high and unchanged sperm counts have been found ( Suominen and Vierula, 1993 ; Vierula et al. , 1996 ) . In contrast to that, two necropsy series of middle-aged Finnish work forces showed an addition in the incidence of upsets of spermatogenesis between the old ages 1981 and 1991 was unveiled ( Pajarinen et al. , 1997 ) . Meanwhile, decreased birthrate in Britain ran parallel with that in Finland, based on differences in the clip to construct ( Joffe, 1996 ) . Regional differences were besides apparent in the USA, with the highest mean sperm concentration being found in New York ( 131.03106/ml ) and ( A © European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology ) 115 the lowest in California ( 72.73106/ml ) ( Fisch et al. , 1996 ) . A little addition in sperm concentration between the old ages 1972 and 1993 was seen in Seattle, Washington ( Paulsen et al. , 1996 ) . It has been suggested that environmental factors played a function in the diminution observed in Europe, particularly environmental oestrogens ( Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993 ) . Oestrogens have besides been suggested to hold caused the addition seen in the incidence of cryptorchidy and testicular malignant neoplastic disease ( Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993 ; Skakkebaek and Keiding, 1994 ) . Heavy metals are potentially pollutants that may be harmful to sperm production. Exposure due to business or geographics to several metals is known to impair sperm quality ( Schrag and Dixon, 1985 ) . Substances such as lead and Cd concentrations have been measured in human seeds, seminal plasma, sperm cell, blood and piss, and high concentrations have been found to be related to impaired sperm quality ( Lancranjan et al. , 1975 ; Plechaty et al. , 1977 ; Braunstein et al. , 1978 ; Pleban and Mei, 1983 ; Stanwell-Smith et al. , 1983 ; Thomas and Borgan, 1983 ; Saaranen et al. , 1987, 1989 ; Chia et a l. , 1992 ; Hu et al. , 1992 ; Xu et al. , 1993 ) . In several experiments, many metals have besides been shown to be harmful with respect to testicular map and sperm production ( Alabi et al. , 1985 ) . Aluminum may good be one of the possible pollutants, because it reduces the weight of the testicles and was seen to do reduced epididymal sperm counts in the mouse ( Llobet et al. , 1979 ) . When aluminum is ingested in big sums, it leads to accumulation in certain mark variety meats such as the homo and animate being testicular tissues which consequences in harm occurring. The of long-run ingestion of aluminum showed suppressive effects on sexual behavior, lessening in birthrate and aggressive behavior ( Bataineh et al. , 1998 ) . There is grounds implicating androgenic endocrines involved in mechanisms of aluminum toxicity on male reproduction ( Sharpe, 1990 ) . To add to that, Guo et Al. ( 2005a ) carried out trials that proved that aluminium disposal significantly increased azotic oxide ( NO ) production and decreased both testicular adenosine 3aˆ?,5aˆ?-cyclic monophosphate ( camp ) and testosterone degrees. They demonstrated that inordinate NO activated inducible NO synthase ( NOS ) which may be involved in generative toxicity of aluminum. Information refering the generative toxicity and testicular disfunction of aluminum still needs more research. Besides, the function of propolis against aluminum induced impairments in the generative ability of rats has non yet been discovered. The survey taken on by ( Yousef and Salama,2009 ) , was aimed at finding the generative toxicity of aluminum chloride in grownup male rats. It showed that aluminum enhanced lipid peroxidation in plasma, testicles, encephalon, kidney, lung and liver of coneies, and besides in civilization of coney sperm ( [ Yousef, 2004 ] , [ Yousef et al. , 2005 ] and [ Yousef et al. , 2007 ] ) . Besides, to measure the protective consequence of propolis against the possible testicular disfunction caused by aluminum chloride. Table 1. Relative weights ( g/100A g organic structure weight ) of sex variety meats of male rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3 + propolis.ParameterExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3+PropolisTestiss 0.72A A ±A 0.093 0.58A A ±A 0.061** 0.78A A ±A 0.0739*** 0.66A A ±A 0.091* Seminal cyst 0.35A A ±A 0.061 0.20A A ±A 0.081** 0.39A A ±A 0.105*** 0.31A A ±A 0.119* Epididymis 0.27A A ±A 0.036 0.19A A ±A 0.037** 0.30A A ±A 0.036*** 0.24A A ±A 0.041* Prostate gland 0.16A A ±A 0.023 0.14A A ±A 0.021 0.16A A ±A 0.017 0.15A A ±A 0.02 Full-size tabular array Valuess are expressed as meansA A ±A SD ; nA =A 10 for each intervention group. Significant difference from the control group at **PA & lt ; A 0.01. Treatment of male rats with AlCl3 significantly ( PA & lt ; A 0.01 ) decreased sperm concentration and motility rate. Meanwhile increased dead and unnatural sperm, as compared to command and propolis groups were seen in Table 2. Treatment with propolis entirely showed no important effects on sperm concentration and motility. while caused important ( PA & lt ; A 0.05 ) lessening in dead and unnatural sperm compared to command group. On the other manus, intervention with propolis in combination with AlCl3 caused significantly alleviated the diminution in sperm concentration and motility, and significantly decreased the per centum of dead and unnatural sperm compared to AlCl3 group. This means that propolis minimized the toxicity of AlCl3.ignificant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at # PA & lt ; A 0.05 and # # PA & lt ; A 0.01. Table 2. Changes in sperm concentration ( Sp. Conc. , A-106/ml ) , motility ( % ) , and dead ( % ) and unnatural ( % ) sperm of male rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3A +A propolis.ParameterExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3 + PropolisSp. Conc. 212A A ±A 15.5 148A A ±A 8.1** 233A A ±A 12.1 # # 199A A ±A 7.5 # # Motility 72.4A A ±A 1.89 50.9A A ±A 2.64** 79.7A A ±A 1.64 # # 70.5A A ±A 1.43 # # Dead 25.2A A ±A 1.95 45.1A A ±A 2.21** 20.2A A ±A 1.78* # # 28.8A A ±A 3.01 # # Abnormal 14.6A A ±A 1.96 21.3A A ±A 2.312** 11.6A A ±A 1.27* # # 16.7A A ±A 1.337 # # Full-size tabular array Valuess are expressed as meansA A ±A SD ; nA =A 10 for each intervention group.Significant difference from the control group at *PA & lt ; A 0.05 and **PA & lt ; A 0.01.Significant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at # PA & lt ; A 0.05 and # # PA & lt ; A 0.01. This survey observed the consequence of aluminum chloride on sperm motility. ( Table 2 ) . Additionally, Dawson et al. , 1998 E.B. Dawson, S. Ritter, W.A. Harris, D.R. Evans and L.C. Powell, Comparison of sperm viability with seminal plasma metal degrees, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 64 ( 1998 ) , pp. 215-223.Dawson et Al. ( 1998 ) found that high concentrations of aluminum in human sperm cell and seminal plasma are correlated with reduced sperm motility and viability. Motility is important in enabling the sperm to swim through the female generative piece of land and make the egg cell to accomplish fertilisation ( Aitken, 1995 ) . The observation can be concluded by stating that the lessening in sperm motility was caused in portion to the attendant decrease in testosterone production ( [ Guo et al. , 2005a ] and [ Yousef et al. , 2005 ] ) following aluminum intervention. Table 3. Plasma testosterone concentration ( ng/ml ) and activity of testicular 17- ketosteroid reductase enzyme ( U/min/mg protein ) , and testes protein content ( mg/g tissue ) of male rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3 + propolis.ParametersExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3 + PropolisTestosterone 1.31A A ±A 0.244 1.00A A ±A 0.115* 1.51A A ±A 0.113* # 1.15A A ±A 0.064 # 17-Ketosteroid Reductase enzyme 14.6A A ±A 2.02 10.2A A ±A 1.13** 19.1A A ±A 1.49** # # 12.8A A ±A 2.03* # Protein content 76A A ±A 4.4 60A A ±A 4.7** 105A A ±A 5.3** # # 75A A ±A 5.2 # # Full-size tabular array Valuess are expressed as meansA A ±A SD ; nA =A 10 for each intervention group.Significant difference from the control group at *PA & lt ; A 0.05 and **PA & lt ; A 0.01.Significant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at # PA & lt ; A 0.05 and # # PA & lt ; A 0.01. Datas in Table 3 showed important lessening in plasma testosterone concentration ( PA A 0.05 ) and testicular protein ( PA A 0.01 ) in rats treated with AlCl3 compared to command. While, propolis significantly increased testosterone and protein content and alleviated the negative effects for AlCl3 in group 4 on these parametric quantities. Aluminium chloride exposure displayed gonadotoxic effects in male rats and maternal decease was associated with foetal decease in pregnant rats. The exposure to aluminum increases the incidence of fetal abnormalcies in rats and mice ( Belles et al. , 1999 ) . The survey of Guo et Al. ( 2005a ) demonstrated that exposure to aluminium lowered plasma and testicular testosterone degrees in mice. It was suggested that the terrible decrease in male libido and birthrate following the aluminium disposal might be a consequence from inordinate aluminum accretion in the testicles and low testosterone concentrations. High degrees of aluminum in aluminium-treated mice were evident at hebdomad 3 before the effects on male libido and birthrate manifested. The disagreement was reasoned such that aluminium accretion failed to instantly impact the enzymes for androgen biogenesis or bring forth a possible perturbation in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, the present survey showed that AlCl3 caused important diminution in the activity of 17-ketosteroid reductase after 70A yearss intervention ( Table 3 ) . Table 4. Changes in the activities of catalase ( CAT ; mol/h/g tissue ) and glutathione S-transferase ( GST ; I?mol/min/g tissue ) , and the degrees of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ( TBARS ; nmol/g tissue ) and reduced glutathione ( GSH ; mM/g tissue ) in testicles of rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3A +A propolis.ParameterExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3+PropolisCat 6.96A A ±A 1.140 3.01A A ±A 0.578 ** 9.95A A ±A 1.050 ** # # 5.89A A ±A 0.793 # # GST 1.08A A ±A 0.100 0.59A A ±A 0.154** 1.43A A ±A 0.299 ** # # 0.96A A ±A 0.125 # # TBARS 71.8A A ±A 5.58 195.9A A ±A 10.62 ** 60.4A A ±A 6.18 * # # 97.4A A ±A 9.58 * # # GSH 6.02A A ±A 0.694 4.15A A ±A 0.690 * 8.25A A ±A 0.902 * # # 5.74A A ±A 1.863 # Full-size tabular array Valuess are expressed as meansA A ±A SD ; nA =A 10 for each intervention group.Significant difference from the control group at *PA & lt ; A 0.05 and **PA & lt ; A 0.01.Significant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at # PA & lt ; A 0.05 and # # PA & lt ; A 0.01. The control testicles are surrounded by a dense hempen tissue capsule known as the adventitia albuginea The histological survey showed that.The testies are divided into lobules by thin hempen septa ; the interstitial tissue surrounds the lobules which contain several seminiferous tubules within them. The tubules are lined with germ cells in assorted phases of spermatogonia, some primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and mature sperm cell that occupy the Centre of the tubule. Between the spermatogonia and the balance of the basal lamina are the sertoli cells. The interstitial tissue is supported by Leydig cells in chief. They occur singly or in bunchs and are embedded in the rich rete of blood and lymph capillaries. Observations of testicles treated with AlCl3 revealed several changes. The accretion of exfoliated source cells within some seminiferous tubules affected their architecture and left them disorganized. Some tubules exhibited ripening apprehension. And moreover, so me source cells had little and darkly stained nuclei. Marked dilation and congestion of blood vass were noticed in the interstitial infinites. Hyperplasia of Leydig was detected in the interstitial tissue. The Leydig cells became crowded and formed dense bunchs that surrounded most of the seminiferous tubules ( Fig. 2 ) . Some subdivisions of testicles of the rats treated with propolis entirely showed that they were less or more similar to the control subdivisions ( Fig. 3 ) . Testis of rats treated with aluminium plus propolis revealed that it regained about all of its original construction and singular Restoration of the normal image of seminiferous tubules was attained. The germ cells appeared regular in form with disappearing of most cytoplasmatic vacuolization. Most of the karyon became vesicular ( Fig. 4 ) . Testes accumulate high aluminium over age in rats ( Gomez et al. , 1997 ) . Light microscopy of silver-stained paraffin subdivisions of the testicles demonstrated legion i ntracytoplasmic black-stained all right farinaceous inclusions in Leydig cells ( Reusche et al. , 1994 ) . The histological alterations in testicles of rats treated with AlCl3 ( Fig. 2 ) is coincident with the obtained informations by Khattab ( 2007 ) who studied the consequence of AlCl3 on the testicles of rats after an intraperitoneal injection was administered. The testicles showed histological disturbance including terrible harm within the seminiferous tubules and vascular devolution on the spermatogenic and sertoli cells cytol. The originative epithelial tissue of the seminiferous tubules was thinner in topographic points and spermatids became really scarce in presence. Sperm Numberss was low and there were no sperm in the lms. Besides, up on negatron microscopic surveies, in the aluminium-treated group, there were some anomalousnesss in the atomic membrane, amendss to some chondriosomes, ribosomes population lessening, and an addition in the figure of lysosomes in the sertoli cell cytol. In the primary spermatocyte cytol, there was an addition in the unsmooth endoplasmic Reticulum. Guo et Al. ( 2005b ) found that after 2 hebdomads of aluminum intervention, hurtful effects and histopathological alterations of testicular tissues were observed. However, noticeable spermatogenetic loss was viewed as necroses in the spermatids and sperm cell in aluminium-treated group at hebdomad 5. The damage caused by aluminum was accompanied chiefly by the drawn-out accretion of aluminum in the mice testest. Fig. 1.A Photomicrograph of control testicle subdivision demoing interstitial cells ( I ) and germ cells ( G ) . H & A ; E discoloration ( 400A- ) . Fig. 2.A Photomicrograph of testicle subdivision that treated with aluminum demoing germ cells ( G ) , exfoliated source cells ( E ) , hyperplasia of Leydig cells ( I ) and vacuolization ( V ) . H & A ; E discoloration ( 400A- ) . Fig. 3.A Photomicrograph of testicle that treated with propolis demoing germ cells ( G ) . H & A ; E discoloration ( 400A- ) . Fig. 4.A Photomicrograph of testicle subdivision that treated with Aluminium and propolis demoing germ cells ( G ) . H & A ; E discoloration ( 400A- ) .1.6 Purposes and aims of my undertakingIn this undertaking my chief purpose was to find the presence of aluminum in seminal fluid and sperm cell. I had to found out if aluminum was present in the seminal fluid or the sperm cell.DiscussionTHE EFFECT OF ORAL HIGH ALUMINIUM INTAKE ONRAT SPERMATOGENESISI.M.D. Rashidi. Head of section & A ; member of adept commission Dept of pathology Medical school Ahwaz medical university, Ahwaz Iran Aluminum is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth crust and enters to the organic structure through imbibing H2O, foods and drugs like antacids. Aluminium poising causes broad scope of upsets, including: a lessening in the release of neurotransmiters and suppression of electromotive force dependent Ca channels. The function of Ca on GnRH release and its action is detected so, in this perusal, the consequence of high aluminum consumption on rats spermatogenesis is investigated. The experiment performed in four groups, a control group and three experimental groups consumed 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 milligram aluminum per gm diet for 60 yearss. Epididymis and vessel deferens were dissected cut and diluted with normal salin. In all groups weight of vessel deferens, epididymis, testicle and whole animate being, sperm count per gm deferens and epididymis tissues were determined so, the testicular tissues fixed in formol for survey of histopathology. The consequences have shown that in experimental groups which consumed 1.25 and 2.5 milligram aluminum per gm diet, the vessel deferens, epididymis, testicle and carnal weight were significantly decreased. In this animals the figure of sperm per gm tissues from vessel deferens, epididymis were reduced. The ripening apprehension is seen in seminoferous canal and it have n't spermatogenesis. Therefore, this analyzing indicated that high aluminum consumption in rat have an suppressing consequence on spermatogenesis and this consequence is dose dependant. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=MImg & A ; _imagekey=B6TCR-4CB7K82-GF-1 & A ; _cdi=5177 & A ; _user=128592 & A ; _pii=S0378427403904048 & A ; _origin=gateway & A ; _coverDate=09 % 2F28 % 2F2003 & A ; _sk=998559999.8998 & A ; view=c & A ; wchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzV & A ; md5=1f1a3377fb5ad50ff2bd8ffd8947d810 & A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf Read and summarize but cite hypertext transfer protocol: //humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/1/115.full.pdf